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A
Acute:
A sudden onset of symptoms
or disease.
Alopecia:
The loss of hair, which may
include all body hair as well as scalp hair.
Anemia:
A condition in which a
decreased number of red blood cells may cause symptoms
including tiredness, shortness of breath, and weakness.
Antiemetic agent:
A drug that prevents or
controls nausea and vomiting.
Acute leukemia: Leukemia
that progresses rapidly.
Allogeneic bone marrow transplantation:
A procedure in which a patient
receives bone marrow from a compatible, though not genetically
identical, donor.
Antibiotics: Drugs used
to treat infection.
Anticonvulsant: Medicine
to stop, prevent, or control seizures (convulsions).
Aplastic anemia: A
deficiency of certain parts of the blood caused by a failure
of the bone marrow's ability to generate cells.
Autologous:
From the same person.
Autologous bone marrow transplantation:
A procedure in which bone
marrow is removed from a patient and then is given back to the
patient following intensive treatment.
Absolute neutrophil count (ANC);
also known as absolute granulocyte (AGC):
Total count of the neutrophils
in the blood, which provides an indication of a person's
ability to fight infection. To calculate the ANC, add the
percentages of seg neutrophils and band neutrophils, divide by
100, and multiply by the total white blood count.
ALL (acute
lymphoblastic leukemia):
An acute form of leukemia
occurring predominantly in children, characterized by the
unrestrained production of immature lymphoblasts (a type of
white cell) in the blood-forming tissues, particularly the
bone marrow, spleen, and lymph nodes.
AML (acute
myeloid leukemia):
An acute form of leukemia characterized by a massive
proliferation of mature and immature abnormal granulocytes (a
type of white cell).
Allogeneic transplant:
Type of bone marrow transplant
in which the marrow is donated by another person.
B
Blood cells:
Minute structures produced in
the bone marrow; they consist of red blood cells, white blood
cells, and platelets.
Blood count:
The number of red blood cells,
white blood cells, and platelets in a sample of blood.
Bone marrow:
The spongy material found
inside the bones. Most blood cells are made in the bone marrow.
Bone marrow biopsy and
aspiration: The
procedure by which a needle is inserted into a bone to
withdraw a sample of bone marrow.
Bone marrow transplant:
The infusion of bone
marrow into a patient who has been treated with high dose
chemotherapy orradiation therapy. Patients may use their own
marrow, which in some cases has been frozen.
Allogeneic
The infusion of bone marrow
from one individual (donor) to another.
Autologous
The infusion of a patient's
own bone marrow previously removed and stored.
Syngeneic
The infusion of bone marrow
from one identical twin into another.
B cells: White blood
cells that develop in the bone marrow and are the source of
antibodies. Also known as B lymphocytes.
Basophil: A type of white
blood cell. Basophils are granulocytes.
Bioimmunotherapy:
Treatment to stimulate or restore the ability of the immune
system to fight infection and disease.
Biological therapy: The
use of the body's immune system, either directly or indirectly,
to fight cancer or to lessen side effects that may be caused
by some cancer treatments. Also known as immunotherapy,
biotherapy, or biological response modifier therapy.
Biopsy: The removal of a
sample of tissue, which is then examined under a microscope to
check for cancer cells.
Blasts: Immature blood
cells.
C
Cancer:
Kötü huylu hücrelerin
kontrol dışı büyüdüğü ve vücudun diğer yerlerine dağıldığı
hastalıklar grubudur.
Carcinogen:
Kansere neden olan madde.
Örneğin, sigaradaki nikotin akciğer kanserine neden olan bir
kanserojendir.
Central venous catheter:
A special
intravenous tubing that is surgically inserted into a large
vein near the heart and exits from the chest or abdomen. The
catheter allows medications, fluids, or blood products to be
given and blood samples to be taken.
Chemotherapy:
The treatment of cancer with
drugs. The term usually refers to cytotoxic drugs given to
treat cancer.
Adjuvant chemotherapy
Chemotherapy given to kill any
remaining cancer cells, usually after all detectable tumor is
removed by surgery or radiotherapy.
Combination chemotherapy
The use of more than one drug
during cancer treatment.
Chronic:
Persisting over a long period
of time.
Colony-stimulating factor (CSF):
An injectable
substance used to stimulate the bone marrow to produce more
cells.
Carcinoma: Cancer that
begins in the lining or covering of an organ.
Cauterization: The use of
heat to destroy abnormal cells.
Cell: The basic unit of
any living organism.
Cell differentiation: The
process during which young, immature (unspecialized) cells
take on individual characteristics and reach their mature (specialized)
form and function.
Chronic leukemia:
Leukemia that progresses slowly.
CNS prophylaxis:
Chemotherapy or radiation therapy to the central nervous
system (CNS). This is preventive treatment. It is given to
kill cancer cells that may be in the brain and spinal cord,
even though no cancer has been detected there.
Colony-stimulating factors:
Substances that stimulate the production of blood cells. Treatment with
colony-stimulating factors (CSF) can help the blood-forming
tissue recover from the effects of chemotherapy and radiation
therapy.
Combination chemotherapy:
Treatment in which two or more
chemicals are used to obtain more effective results.
Computed tomography: An
x-ray procedure that uses a computer to produce a detailed
picture of a cross section of the body; also called CAT or CT
scan.
CBC (complete blood count):
Measurement of the
numbers of white cells, red cells, and platelets in a cubic
millimeter of blood.
Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML):
A disease that progresses
slowly and is characterized by increased production of
granulocytes in the bone marrow. It is usually associated with
a specific chromosomal abnormality called the Philadelphia
chromosome.
Consolidation:
Portion of the protocol which consists of new combinations of
drugs to destroy any cancer cells that survived induction.
Cytomegalovirus (CMV):
One of a group of herpes
viruses that can cause fatal infections in immunosuppressed
patients.
Cytotoxic: Causing
the death of cells.
D
Drug resistance:
The result of cells' ability
to resist the effects of a specific drug.
Dysphagia:
Difficulty in swallowing.
Dyspnea:
Difficult or painful breathing;
shortness of breath.
Dysuria:
Difficult or painful urination.
Diagnosis: The process of
indentifying a disease by the signs and symptoms.
Delayed intensification:
Portion of treatment that comes after the initial induction,
consolidation, and interim maintenance. The purpose of this
phase is to destroy any remaining cancer cells.
E
Electrocardiogram (EKG or
ECG): A test that
takes recordings of the electrical activity of the heart.
Erythrocyte:
The red blood cell that
carries oxygen to body cells and carbon dioxide away from body
cells.
Extravasation:
The leaking of intravenous
fluids or medications into tissue surrounding the infusion
site. Extravasation may cause tissue damage.
Erythroleukemia: Leukemia
that develops in erythrocytes. In this rare disease, the body
produces large numbers of abnormal red blood cells.
Etiology:
The study of the causes of
abnormal condition or disease.
F
Fluoroscopy:
An x-ray procedure that
makes it possible to see internal organs in motion.
Fluorouracil:
An anticancer drug. Its
chemical name is 5-fluorouracil, commonly called 5-FU.
Follicles:
Shafts through which hair
grows.
Fractionation:
Dividing the total dose of
radiation therapy into several smaller, equal doses delivered
over a period of several days.
Finger
poke: When a
laboratory technician pricks the fingertip to obtain a small
sample of blood.
G
Granulocyte: A
type of white blood cell that kills bacteria.
Gene:
The biological or
basic unit of heredity found in all cells in the body.
Gene deletion:
The total loss
or absence of a gene.
Genetic:
Inherited; having to
do with information that is passed from parents to children
through DNA in the genes.
Graft-versus-host
disease: A
reaction of donated bone marrow against a patient's own tissue.
Also called GVHD.
Graft:
Tissue taken from
one person (donor) and transferred to another person (recipient
or host).
H
Hematologist:
A doctor who specializes in
the problems of blood and bone marrow.
Hematology:
The science that studies the
blood.
Hormones:
Substances secreted by various
organs of the body that regulate growth, metabolism, and
reproduction.
Human leukocyte antigen test (HLA):
A special blood
test used to match a blood or bone marrow donor to a recipient
for transfusion or transplant.
I
Immunity (Immune system):
The body's
ability to fight infection and disease.
Immunosuppression:
Weakening of the immune system
that causes a lowered ability to fight infection and disease.
Immunotherapy:
The artificial stimulation of
the body's immune system to treat or fight disease.
Infiltration:
The leaking of fluid or
medicines into tissues, which can cause swelling.
Infusion:
Delivering fluids or
medications into the bloodstream over a period of time.
Infusion pump:
A device that delivers
measured amounts of fluids or medications into the bloodstream
over a period of time.
Injection:
Pushing a medication into the
body with the use of a syringe and needle.
Intramuscular (IM)
injection
Into the muscle.
Intravenous (IV)
injection
Into the vein.
Subcutaneous injection
Into the fatty tissue under
the skin.
Interferon:
A naturally produced chemical
released by the body in response to viral infections.
Interferon can be artificially produced and used as a form of
immunotherapy.
Interleukin:
A naturally produced chemical
released by the body.
Immunodeficiency:
A lowering of
the body's ability to fight off infection and disease.
Incidence:
The number of new
cases of a disease diagnosed each year.
Intravenous-access line (IV):
A hollow metal or plastic tube
which is inserted into a vein and attached to tubing, allowing
various solutions or medicines to be directly infused into the
blood.
J
Juvenile myelomonocytic
leukemia: A
rare form of childhood leukemia in which cancer cells often
spread into tissues such as the skin, lung, and intestines.
K
L
Leukemia:
Cancer of the blood. White
blood cells may be produced in excessive amounts and are
unable to work properly. Disease characterized by the
unrestrained growth of abnormal white cells in the bone marrow,
and often in the spleen and liver; these cancerous cells
usually appear in the peripheral blood and may also invade
other organs.
acute lymphoblastic:
Acute
lymphocytic leukemia (also called acute lymphoblastic leukemia
or ALL) is a disease in which too many infection-fighting
white blood cells called lymphocytes are found in the blood
and bone marrow.
acute myeloblastic:
Acute myeloid
leukemia (AML) is a disease in which cancer (malignant) cells
are found in the blood and bone marrow. Normally, the bone
marrow makes cells called blasts that develop (mature) into
several different types of blood cells that have specific jobs
to do in the body. AML affects the blasts that are developing
into white blood cells called granulocytes. In AML, the blasts
do not mature and become too numerous.
chronic myelogenous:
Chronic myelogenous
leukemia (also called CML or chronic granulocytic leukemia) is
a disease in which too many white blood cells are made in the
bone marrow. CML affects the blasts that are developing into
white blood cells called granulocytes.
Leukocyte:
Cells that help the body fight
infections and other diseases. Also called white blood cells
(WBCs)
Leukopenia: A low number of white blood cells.
Lymphocytes:
White blood cells that kill
viruses and defend against the invasion of foreign material.
Lymphoid:
Referring to
lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. Also refers to tissue
in which lymphocytes develop.
M
Metastasize:
To spread from the first
cancer site, for example, breast cancer that spreads to the
bone.
Monoclonal antibodies:
Artificially manufactured
antibodies specifically designed to find targets on cancer
cells for diagnostic or treatment purposes.
Myelosuppression:
A decrease in the production
of red blood cells, platelets, and some white blood cells by
the bone marrow.
Maintenance therapy:
Chemotherapy
that is given to leukemia patients in remission to prevent a
relapse.
Monocyte:
A type of white blood
cell.
Myelodysplastic
syndrome:
Myelodysplastic syndromes, also called pre-leukemia or "smoldering"
leukemia, are diseases in which the bone marrow does not
function normally and not enough normal blood cells are made.
(See Preleukemia)
Myelogenous:
Referring to
myelocytes, a type of white blood cell. Also called myeloid.
Myeloid:
Referring to
myelocytes, a type of white blood cell. Also called
myelogenous.
Maintenance:
Part of a leukemia protocol
for treating ALL. It follows the intensive induction and
consolidation phases and helps destroy any remaining cancer
cells.
N
Neutropenia:
A decreased number of
neutrophils, a type of white blood cell.
Neutrophils: The
most numerous of the granulocytic white cells, which migrate
through the bloodstream to the site of infection, where they
ingest and destroy bacteria.
O
Oncologist:
A doctor who specializes in
treating cancer. Some oncologists specialize in a particular
type of cancer treatment. For example, a radiation oncologist
specializes in treating cancer with radiation.
Oncology:
The study and treatment of
cancer.
Oncogene:
The part of the cell
that normally directs cell growth, but which can also promote
or allow the uncontrolled growth of cancer if damaged (mutated)
by an environmental exposure to carcinogens, or damaged or
missing because of an inherited defect.
P
Pathology:
The study of disease by the
examination of tissues and body fluids under the microscope.
A doctor who specializes in pathology is called a
pathologist.
Petechiae:
Tiny areas of bleeding under
the skin, usually caused by a low platelet count.
Placebo:
An inert substance often used
in clinical trials for comparison.
Platelet (Plt):
Cells in the blood that are
responsible for clotting.
Port – Implanted:
A catheter connected to a
quarter-sized disc that is surgically placed just below the
skin in the chest or abdomen. The tube is inserted into a
large vein or artery directly into the bloodstream. Fluids,
drugs, or blood products can be infused, and blood can be
drawn through a needle that is stuck into the disc. Examples:
Port-o-cath, Infusaport, Lifeport.
Prognosis:
The projected outcome of a
disease; the life expectancy.
Pediatric:
Pertaining to
children.
Peripheral blood
stem cell transplantation:
A procedure that is similar to
bone marrow transplantation. Doctors remove healthy immature
cells (stem cells) from a patient's blood and store them
before the patient receives high-dose chemotherapy and
possibly radiation therapy to destroy the leukemia cells. The
stem cells are then returned to the patient, where they can
produce new blood cells to replace cells destroyed by the
treatment.
Peripheral stem
cell support:
A method of replacing blood-forming cells destroyed by cancer
treatment. Certain cells (stem cells) in the blood that are
similar to those in the bone marrow are removed from the
patient's blood before treatment. The cells are given back to
the patient after treatment.
Petechiae:
Tiny red spots under
the skin; often a symptom of leukemia.
Plasma:
The liquid part of
the blood.
Plasmapheresis:
The process of
removing certain proteins from the blood. Plasmapheresis can
be used to remove excess antibodies from the blood of multiple
myeloma patients.
Prednisone:
A drug often given to
multiple myeloma patients along with one or more anticancer
drugs. Prednisone appears to act together with anticancer
drugs in helping to control the effects of the disease on the
body.
Preleukemia:
A condition in which
the bone marrow does not function normally. It does not
produce enough blood cells. This condition may progress and
become acute leukemia. Preleukemia also is called
myelodysplastic syndrome or smoldering leukemia.
Prophylaxis: An
attempt to prevent disease.
Protocol: A
treatment plan. The "recipe" for a child's cancer treatment.
Outlines the drugs that will be taken, when they will be taken,
and in what dosages. Also includes the dates for procedures
(e.g., bone marrow aspiration schedule).
Q
R
Radiation therapy: Treatment with high-energy rays (such as x-rays) to kill cancer cells.
The radiation may come from outside the body (external
radiation) or from radioactive materials placed directly in
the tumor (implant radiation). Also called radiotherapy.
Recurrence:
The reappearance of a disease
after a period of remission.
Red blood cells (Erythrocytes):
Cells in the blood
that deliver oxygen to tissues and take carbon dioxide from
them.
Relapse:
The reappearance of a disease
after its apparent cessation.
Remission:
Complete or partial
disappearance of the signs and symptoms of disease.
Risk factor:
Anything that increases a
person's chances of developing cancer, for example, smoking
and lung cancer.
Rad:
Radiation absorbed
dose. A unit of measurement of the absorbed dose of radiation.
S
Side effects:
Secondary effects of drugs
used for disease treatment. Problems that occur when
treatment affects healthy cells. Common side effects of
cancer treatment are fatigue, nausea, vomiting, decreased
blood cell counts, hair loss, and mouth sores.
Stomatitis:
Temporary inflammation and
soreness of the mouth.
Stem cells:
The cells from which
all blood cells develop.
T
Thrombocytopenia:
An abnormally low number of
platelets (thrombocytes). If the platelet count is too low,
bleeding could occur.
Tissue: A group or layer
of cells that together perform specific functions
Transformation:
The change
that a normal cell undergoes as it becomes malignant.
Tumor marker:
A substance in
blood or other body fluids that may suggest that a person has
cancer.
T cell:
Type of lymphocyte
(white cell), derived from the thymus, that attacks infected
cells, foreign tissue, and cancer cells.
Thymus:
Small gland located
behind the breast bone and between the lungs that plays a
major role in the immune system.
U
Undifferentiated::
Cells that lack a specialized structure and function.
V
Virus:
A tiny infectious agent that
is smaller than bacteria. The common cold is caused by a
virus, and the herpes simplex virus causes cold sores.
W
White blood cells (WBC):
General term for
a variety of cells responsible for fighting invading germs,
infection, and allergy-causing agents. Specific white blood
cells include granulocytes and lymphocytes.
White blood count (WBC):
The actual number
of white blood cells seen in a blood sample.
X
X-ray:
High-energy electromagnetic
radiation used to diagnose and treat disease. Diagnostic test
using high energy to visualize internal body organs. See
Radiation therapy.
Y
Z
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